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من طرف حسين العنوز 19/9/2010, 12:20 pm

Umm Qais
Located on a high hill north of Jordan and oversees the Sea of Galilee and the Golan Heights. Is one of the most prominent tourist sites in Jordan and is famous for Bmadrjadtha and buildings, Greek and Romanian. Regulatory tracking the brigade built Kenana near the city of Irbid
] Location
Fall of Umm Qais, some 20 km north of the capital Amman, the largest cities in the banner of Bani Kenana in the governorate of Irbid, over high rises 364 meters above sea level, bounded on the north and is separated from the Golan Heights, the Yarmouk River to the south and Wadi Arab extending from Irbid to Barn North west to the west of Lake Tiberias, as facilitator of Umm Qais descended gradually to the beginning of the Jordan River when the director of Lake Tiberias (Kerner 1994: 54-55)).
[Date of archaeological research
Began the excavation and restoration in Umm Qais since 930 AD, by the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, and has Segferd Mettmann archaeological survey and the drilling of the bathroom area, which was discovered west of the village in 1959, described what he found from inscriptions and mosaics. And in 1961 began archaeological excavations and surveys in Umm Qais at the opening of the Hamma, and in 1968 discovered the tomb in the ancient city of old, and excavating team DE1 Institute Protestant German to study the Holy Land, and in 1974 and 1976, in 1977 survey archaeological surface comprehensive the impact of the upper city, and in 1986, Thomas Weber of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin survey archaeological comprehensive site in the years 1986-1987 AD conducted a moth excavations in the mausoleum of the ground, and followed Susan Kerner and Adolf Hoffmann exploration during 1991 and 1992 in the portal Memorial to the west of the city in 1992 focused excavations in the area of the church and buildings, the southern and north-western theater, and during the years 1992 to 1996 to collect and Mulder and Friesen in the area known (A) an area of the intersection of the street with the great side street heading north, south at the northwest corner of the acropolis, was found databases and floors rooms (Beydoun 1997: 90-10).
] Some of the history of Umm Qais
Located on a hill 378 m wide high above sea level and dates back to the time of Greece before the seventh century AD under the reign of Ptolemy and was then known as the city wall.
In the year 218 BC. M was Ptolemy IV (221-203 BC). King of Egypt ruled Palestine, Jordan, was attacked by Antiochus III the Seleucid (223-186 BC). A military campaign and took control of the Galilee, and crossed the Jordan River and took over parts of northern Jordan and surrendered a wall, and so reached the Greek civilization.
Attracted writers, artists, philosophers and poets in the age of Greeks, such as:
• poet spelling Minibus
• satiric poet Milagros
• Literate Theodoros Khatib, who lived between 14-37 AD.
In 63 BC the Roman occupied by Bombay Greeks Greece and added to the Decapolis, which was held days of the Greeks and Romans, and was composed of ten cities in the area at the junction of the borders Jordan, Syria, Palestine, of which: a Jerash Amila or layer solution in the Jordan Valley, the city of beauty or north-east Jordan.
Wall remained, calm and stability to the year 162 when the Persians crossed the River Euphrates, invaded Syria and occupied the cities gave the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD) to resist the Persians and equipped armies. Found in Umm Qais - a wall - was to write on the tomb of one of the soldiers from the battalion XIV (Jamena), which refers to the band that arrived at Umm Qais. 614 captured in the Persian armies and destroyed churches, and no mercy for its people, and in 635 occupied by the Muslim Arab armies led by Ben Sharhabeel good time of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab.
When you enter the city, "Umm Qais" archaeological experience the words carved on a stone witness, who was mounted on the tomb of the great poet "old Orabios" has addressed the guests, saying, "O pass-through here, as you are now, I was, as I Now, will you, Enjoy life because you have the ".
] Effects
Qais
Characterized or measured effects to the day to maintain the basic structure. The city has a lot of monuments:
• South Stage (Um Qais)
• Byzantine Church (Um Qais)
• eastern runway (Um Qais)
• markets and stores
• Roman Baths Complex (Um Qais)
• The Church of Basilicas
• arcaded shops (Um Qais)
• Nympheaum
• The Museum of Umm Qais one of her sons, from a clan Rousan, the largest tribe in Umm Qais
Water systems in Umm Qais
Famous Hellenistic cities - ROMANIAN transfer water from the springs, even though the long distances, and the fact that the Romanian city contains many bathrooms and facilities, the need for the work system was one of the most important necessities of the Romanian State. The reason was not only to those facilities, but the main reason is to meet the need of human, animal and agricultural purposes, and therefore were cut spending and building bridges and water wells and reservoirs carved and others. Than that of the city of Umm Qais center for human settlement in the Hellenistic times, Romanian, Byzantine and Islamic. And the main springs in Umm Qais not meet the needs of the Romanian city, because that's the springs were far lower level of the site and examples of the springs and named Umm Qais Magouk and Uain soil or other permanent springs serve agricultural purposes directly. Was a central provision in Umm Qais on rainfall, and so on through the ages, where the average annual rainfall in Umm Qais (400-500) mm was the bulk of the rain water stored in wells and reservoirs and watering crops, and in order to take advantage of the rain water has been carving channels in agricultural areas to collect water in wells and ponds for watering small terraces spread in the slopes (Awad 1998: 44-43).
] The elements of water systems in Umm Qais
System bridges
The best built by the Romans in Umm Qais is the bridge which carries it a channel for the transfer of water and was located between the eastern edge (Alacropoulos), and the western edge of town where modern was characterized by a deep valley is difficult to convey water from the eastern edge to the western edge and then to the city To avoid such difficulties have been building a bridge depends on the brackets, carrying it a conduit for water and is near a large bridge in Caesarea Martema (Awad 1998: 45), and was found on parts of the bridge length in 1960, but that most parts of the bridge was destroyed, and why the earthquakes that hit the region in addition to the street talk, and the remainder of this bridge is an arc large have been found in the eastern edge of Alacropoulos and reached a height of about 2.60 m and width 16 o'clock was built from limestone huge (kerner 994: 285 - 286) . Distinguish arc that also supported the stones large and found within the arc in full, Ath last arc of the bridge where they could settle water it for distribution system to the site, are the arch shape describes a circle and rely on a stone key, and where it can crumble arc if the loss of the stone, The set stones with a thin layer of mortar between the stones, depending bridge water brackets mounted on pillars or columns built from limestone blocks huge amounts to the remainder of the pillars 11 a pillar and can carry ten brackets along the valley but had not been found only on the bow last , and each pillar Mdemaqin of stones large, up about 13 o'clock, and take each of the pillars form a rectangle and use the pillars as the pillars underpinning the brackets from the two sides have been built pillars of limestone Iasha is linear and biting the latter incidentally, where they are installed tightly and used cement between the stones to be installed has been built pillars above the rock great, characterized by a technical slots discharge for use in a number of cities that formed their aquatic form engineered by the control and adjust the water streams where they found various forms of these holes or barriers (Awad 1998: 45-47)
Channel pharaoh named
This channel is composed of a system of tunnels and bridges, and it seems that the name of the Pharaoh is the designation of the yard is under a local legend to the effect that this equipment was built by one of the Egyptian pharaohs. And description of Schumacher in 1889 in his northern Ajloun, as a tunnel, a single major extends from the eye dust, then up to a bridge near the eastern edge of the Alacropoulos of Um Qais, where heading to the tunnels inside the archaeological site are the tunnel top and tunnel bottom restrains aspects mortar soft colored gray (instead of 1998: 48). Distributions of water: holding up the water inside the tunnel bottom and is controlled in the distribution of water out of the tunnel at its western terminus by three holes out of water, to spread to the entire city Allahu network of canals advanced distributed geometrically in the streets of the main street and sub-accurately, having graduated water from the tunnel bottom, enter in two runs the first section to the north and near the scene of a Byzantine church departs this section at an angle of 90 degrees to the West to complement walking outside the church from the north, and the first section is a two channels traveling next to each other in parallel, while the second channel is moving parallel to the first channel destined to the west along approximately 30 m, and separated from the first channel by the stones small size of the type limestone was installed cement introduced about 30 cm along the channels, so that the wall separating the two stations, carved rock, but smaller than the first channel After moving water in the channel first and then moving towards the mouth of it, the water coming from the mouth down, they descend to a new channel (T), built of stone basalt trimmed too, one of the large stones, was bleaching its aspects and floor of this channel several layers of mortar of thickness 5 cm, but it is devastating for its part, the last northern and channel T point towards the main road downhill, which confirms that they feed channels distributed in the main street, is the channel T creators next to the main street of the distribution point and that this channel is subdivided into two sections, the first interrupt the street The main direction of the north, and section II, it is going next to the main road from the south, to feed the system of channels in the side street in all directions where he was on that channel symbols, a (L, K, H, G, F, E, D, B, A) It is possible that these channels they contain clay pipes (Awad 1998: 66-69).
Associated with the main tunnel to spend outside the site of Umm Qais
The spring which supplied the main Umm Qais is the essence of the soil to the east of Umm Qais about 12 km, and the tunnel along the length of 23 km under the ground. Spending ranging from eye dust to reach the valleys even earlier, where there are several eye can use these eyes where he found the valley to spend a vector to Umm Qais. And all the tunnels to Umm Qais is not Qsartha, it is possible that the reason is the flow durable water to Umm Qais to stores in spending on the site does not need to spend limited, it can not seep inside the rock as it does not settle a permanent flow of water into the tunnel, the main (Awad 1998: 77-76).
Wells
The wells of the oldest water systems used by the rights to store water, and were characterized by density of population gathered around the wells, were among the most commonly used is based on drainage, and water entering the well by a channel carved on the surface leads to the crater and are downhill, and some channels was built of stone up from the flat, which was made downhill and then build walls round or square above the crater from large stones and was above the crater built of stone was placed a large stone size was hollowed out from the center, take the form of square or circular and is used in the output of water from the well by a rope, timely and were closed by these nozzles by a metal sheet or wood to prevent the fall of anything inside the well, it was noted there are some wells contains three nozzles away from each other about one meter, which indicates the magnitude of that well, and the number of wells in Umm Qais in the the archaeological site of 110 wells, with a depth of one of 50-10 m have been Qsartha two layers of plastering the first layer of coarse, to be installed on the walls of the well rock soft, and then comes over Bleacher soft and the layers of plastering prevent pollution and water leakage inside the rock, and adopt these wells water Raining these wells until you need to meet the city's population (Awad 1998: 79).
Reservoirs
Advantage of water reservoirs in Umm Qays that some cut in the rock and others built from the stones of basaltic slimmed down, was the reservoirs covered some stones and took the wells in various forms, including rectangular roof pumped, and the number of reservoirs in Umm Qais three tanks distributed in the archaeological site, some of which were dependent on rain water and other systems dependent on water channels extending within the ancient city (Awad 1998: 83).