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من طرف حسين العنوز 19/9/2010, 12:18 pm

Alfred Nobel
.. Learning poetry and specialization in the manufacture of murder!!
World Alfred Nobel
Is the name of Alfred Nobel, one of the most famous names in the world, is also known for his award of the oldest and most award-known and the largest value; both in terms of material value, or in terms of literary and moral value ..
Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in the city, "Stockholm," the capital of Sweden, his father, "Emanuel Nobel," the establishment of competent civil engineer of roads and bridges, as it was innovative and inventor, especially in ways to affect the destruction of rocks.
In contrast to the course of events after that Alfred was a source of misery to his family, the father went bankrupt in the same year he was born his son, Alfred, as the fire engulfed the residence of the family; which prompted the father to travel alone to Finland in 1837 in search of a better chance of life, then pack quickly to the "Petersburg", capital of Czarist Russia geographical proximity of Stockholm, established in the city of Petersburg and a mechanical workshop, and quickly deals with the Russian army was enhanced physical conditions and sent to his family in 1842 to join him in Petersburg.
The success of Emanuel, is the invention of naval mines used in wars, and used by the Russian army in the establishment of a network of naval mines in the waters of the Baltic Sea and around the city of Petersburg, which provided protection to the city from the sea during the Crimean War (in 1853 - 1856) of Russia Meanwhile, France and Britain from the other hand, was unable to penetrate the British ships to approach the mine or from the city. In recognition of his efforts and his invention was awarded the Medal of Emanuel Golden Emperor of the Czar of Russia.
With his father on the road to dynamite

The father of Alfred Nobel, the world
After the success of Emmanuel Nobel in his career in the city of Petersburg, and composition of the wealth of his invention of the marine mines, he wanted to compensate for his four children: Robert, and Udwih, Emil and Alfred from the previous year dengue enabling them to a high level of special education; where teachers provided them with their education natural sciences, chemistry, language and literature, and Alfred was a staggering genius, not just under seven years of age even mastered five languages, namely: Swedish, Russian, French, English, and German.
He headed to the attention of Alfred literature, especially English literature, and the formation of hair, but his father was not satisfied with the attention his son, the author attempts to morality and poetry, and he wanted to reassign its projects in civil engineering, Vorzle out in a series of trips to several countries; to continue his education in chemistry, visited Alfred Sweden, Germany, France and the United States.
In Paris, Alfred found himself involved in the chemistry laboratory of Professor Valthak Pelouse, and draws attention towards the same interests and his father in the bombing and dynamite; Zamel, where young scientists from chemistry scientists have the same interests, the Italian "Super Osanue Leroy," which reached to prepare a high-explosive means Nitroglycerine.
In the United States met Palmchtera Swedish-American origin "Joma" I .. The impact of these meetings convinced that the point of view of his father, Alfred in the nature of work in the fields of chemistry and its applications in the area of explosives.
In the meantime in 1862, with the end of the Crimean War and the Russian army stop the deals, deteriorated physical conditions of Immanuel Nobel, he decided to return to Sweden and stay in the city of Stockholm and his two sons, Emil and Alfred, while the left and Robert Udwih in Petersburg.
Returning to the city of Stockholm is unique in carrying his baggage on the means of Nitroglycerine, and he and his father to build a factory near the city for the manufacture of high explosives of this article, and the manufacture of about 140 kilograms of this article, but the plant exploded in 1864, and the explosion caused the death of the younger brother of Alfred ( Emile), four chemists and workers.
This incident has left a deep scar in the same, and the thought of Alfred became his main concern is how to elicit the first article of this highly explosive and subject to the wishes and the will of man, and has already succeeded in 1866 in the invention of dynamite, and obtained a patent on his invention Vthavtaat buy construction companies, mines and the armed forces, and spread the use of dynamite in all parts of the world, and the establishment of the Alfred dozens of factories and laboratories in twenty countries, and reap from the wealth that has become very large, even the richest of the rich world, and he called the "King of explosives in the world."
Alfred .. Committees or the victim?
Alfred attacked the press in Europe and took it seriously, and some journalists called the title of "maker of Death"; making that fame and fortune from the production of explosives used in warfare on a large scale.
Alfred faced these campaigns that the fee for the same image opposite of the prevailing in, the images of that dream was always to see the end of the war, and peace would prevail among nations, he was allegedly seen in the dynamite in the hope of prosperity and happiness of human (!) Through the use of dynamite drilling in the mining and extraction of wealth and natural wealth of the earth, as well as the construction of tunnels dug canals and building roads to facilitate trade and communication between human beings.
In the context of this campaign to explain the underlying evil in the human psyche is the one that led to the use of dynamite as a means of devastating wars.
This continued the trend confirms that Alfred Nobel had a melancholy sadness and decided to end his life in some of his fortune to come to both contribute to the happiness and prosperity of mankind.
Although the spread of this interpretation and the owners make it a success and a Muslim, this does not prevent us from the question of the beginnings of the unique and permanent orientation towards specialization in explosives, as well as how plants and is established by his father, which specialized in deals with the armies in the first place, and the acquisition of power and fame through the continuation of these wars, and even spread. This does not preclude it from having regrets later, but is useless remorse after their death, the giant of the bottle? Are the dollars to persuade him to return?
Wills .. Award
Alfred Nobel died on the tenth of December 1896 in the city of "San Remo" Italian only, but it does not find a service; as he was not married, has left behind a fortune estimated at SKr 30 million, estimated at 150 million dollars.
Did not make all his fortune to the Nobel Prize as the top, but his will included a reasonable amount of his relatives and friends. As the bulk of his fortune has been recommended to invest in profitable projects, and proceeds from the granting of five annual awards for more than a human reported in five areas identified: in the field of chemistry, physics, medicine or Alviciulogia, literature, and world peace.
He recommended that the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the selection of the winner in the field of chemistry and physics (nature), and the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm is the selection of the winner in the field of medicine, physiology, and the Norwegian Parliament to elect five persons to choose the winner of the World Peace Prize, the Nobel has recommended that his desire to be a fair selection of awards and prizes are awarded to those who is more deserving, regardless of the nationality of the candidate; whether or not the Swedish ..
There has been a controversial and contentious political and legal community about the interpretation of the provisions of a will, Alfred Nobel, the controversy has continued for a period of five years, the Swedish government wanted to put pressure on the Nobel Committee has authorized the implementation of the will to change the will and limited to only Swedish, but the Committee decided to implement the will, without any marked change .
The award ceremony by
Nobel awards started for the first time in 1901 on the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, the tenth of December and, as testament that he left. The awards ceremony will be held in Stockholm the musical celebrations hall, lounge and accommodates up to three hundred thousand guests, and guests were the families of recipients of the award and members of the Swedish royal family, politicians, diplomats and representatives of the Swedish Government and the members of Parliament.
The awards will be distributed in Sweden, and oversees the King of Sweden himself delivered to their owners, in the Nobel Prizes in chemistry, nature, literature and medicine. The peace prize will be delivered in the hall of the City Council of Oslo, Norway, in accordance with the terms of the will.
The Nobel Prize is a significant amount of money has doubled the value of thirty thousand dollars in the first years of the award, and went to the 700 thousand dollars in the early nineties of the twentieth century, while the value of the physical value of the award is currently about one million dollars, the winner; whether individual people (ie one individual) or group of individuals, of the receipt of the value of the award through the check for the amount of the award, and give him a gold medal by the decree of the image of Alfred Nobel, and a certificate of appreciation.
Sixth prize have been added in the economy in 1969, the Swedish central bank to grant them, and pay the value of its own to mark 300 years since the founding and the establishment of the bank, and receive the delivery of the Nobel Prize in economics for the owner, and honor the celebration ceremony, which is affected by the Nobel Prizes in chemistry, medicine, nature, literature .
Since the beginning of the distribution of the award in 1901 and until 2001, ie for the duration of a century ago, have not won the award twice, only four scientists are:
1 - French scientists "Marie Curie", or of Madame Curie, "1903" in physics, shared with her husband, "Pierre Curie", and in chemistry in 1911 alone.
2 - the world of American Chemistry, "Linas Paulnj" in 1954, 1962.
3 - American physicist, "John Pardin" in 1956, 1972.
4 - the world of chemistry England "Sanjr Frederick" in 1958, 1980.
During the hundred years of the life of the 1901 Nobel Prize: 2001 won the award three times, the Arabs, who were all Egyptians.
The first time in 1978, with the late Egyptian president "Anwar al-Sadat," the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with former Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin (!!), after reaching the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty at Camp David in 1978.
And the second time in 1988, when he went on, saying the Egyptian, "Naguib Mahfouz," the Nobel Prize for literature for all of its moral vision and the reality of the warm Egyptian in Cairo in the period before the revolution of July 1952 and beyond.
The third time was in 1999 when the world was the Egyptian-born American d. "Ahmed Zewail" the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the invention after securing a camera called "Alvimtothanip," which is filming the process of chemical reaction in the unit of time, which is part of one thousand million million per second.